Reba Ishusho Nini
Ibyuka bihumanya ni imyuka ihindagurika iva mumatembabuzi.Ibyo byuka birashobora kuba impanuka, binyuze mu guhumeka cyangwa kubera ububiko bubi.
Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ntabwo byangiza abantu gusa nibidukikije ahubwo binabangamira inyungu.Hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo guhuza ibinyabuzima bihindagurika, abantu barashobora kugira uburwayi bukomeye bwumubiri.Harimo abakozi mu bimera bimwe cyangwa abantu baturanye.
Iyi ngingo itanga amakuru yukuntu ibyuka bihumanya byaje.Ibi kandi bizakemura ibibazo bya API kimwe nibigomba gukorwa kugirango ugabanye ingaruka zibi bibazo.
Inkomoko y’ibyuka bihumanya
Indangagaciro Nibintu Byambere Bitera Kwiruka
Imyanda yinganda nibiyigize, akenshi, nyirabayazana wibyuka byangiza inganda.Imirongo yumurongo nkisi nisi ninzugi nubwoko busanzwe bwa valve ikunda guhura nibibazo.
Iyi mibande ikoresha urwego ruzamuka cyangwa ruzunguruka kugirango ufunge kandi ufunge.Izi mikorere zitanga ubushyamirane bwinshi.Byongeye kandi, ingingo zifitanye isano na gasketi hamwe na sisitemu yo gupakira ni ibintu bisanzwe aho imyuka iba.
Ariko, kubera ko umurongo ugereranya umurongo uhenze cyane, ukoreshwa cyane kuruta ubundi bwoko bwa valve.Ibi bituma iyi mibande itavugwaho rumwe bijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije.
Agaciro ka Valve Gutanga umusanzu mubyuka bihumanya
Ibyuka bihumanya biva mu gihuru ni hafi 60% y’ibyuka byose bitangwa n’uruganda runaka.Ibi byashyizwe mubushakashatsi bwakozwe na kaminuza ya British Columbia.Umubare wuzuye wa valve urinda ibiranga ijanisha rinini rivugwa mubushakashatsi.
Ibikoresho bya Valve birashobora kandi gutanga umusanzu mubyuka bihumanya
Ingorane zo kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya nabyo biri mubipakira.Mugihe ibipaki byinshi byubahiriza kandi bigatsinda API Standard 622 mugihe cyo kugerageza, byinshi birananirana mugihe nyacyo.Kuki?Gupakira bikozwe bitandukanye numubiri wa valve.
Hashobora kubaho itandukaniro rito mubipimo hagati yo gupakira na valve.Ibi birashobora gutuma umuntu ava.Ibintu bimwe na bimwe ugomba gutekereza kuruhande harimo guhuza no kurangiza valve.
Ubundi buryo bwa peteroli nabwo ni Culprits
Ibyuka bihumanya ntibibaho gusa mugihe cyo gutunganya gaze muruganda.Mubyukuri, ibyuka bihumanya bibaho mubyiciro byose byo kubyara gaze.
Dukurikije hafi Kureba ibyuka bihumanya metani biva muri gazi karemano, "imyuka iva mu musaruro wa gaze karemano ni nini kandi ibaho kuri buri cyiciro cyubuzima bwa gaze karemano, kuva mbere yo kubyara ibicuruzwa, kubitunganya, kubikwirakwiza, no kubikwirakwiza."
Nibihe Bipimo Byihariye bya API Kubyuka Byangiza Inganda?
Ikigo cy’ibikomoka kuri peteroli muri Amerika (API) nimwe mu nzego nyobozi zitanga amahame yinganda za gaze na peteroli.Yashyizweho mu 1919, ibipimo bya API nimwe mubuyobozi buyobora ibintu byose bijyanye ninganda za peteroli.Hamwe nibipimo birenga 700, API iherutse gutanga ibipimo byihariye byuka bihumanya bijyana na valve hamwe nububiko bwabo.
Mugihe hariho ibizamini byoherezwa hanze birahari, ibipimo byemewe byo kwipimisha nibiri munsi ya API.Dore ibisobanuro birambuye kuri API 622, API 624 na API 641.
API 622
Ibi ubundi byitwa API 622 Ubwoko bwo Kugerageza Gutunganya Valve Gupakira ibyuka bihumanya
Nibisanzwe API yo gupakira muri valve kuri off-off hamwe no kuzamuka cyangwa kuzunguruka.
Ibi bigena niba gupakira bishobora kubuza gusohora imyuka.Hariho ibice bine byo gusuzuma:
1. Ni kangahe igipimo cyo kumeneka
2. Ukuntu irwanya valve kwangirika
3. Ni ibihe bikoresho bikoreshwa mu gupakira
4. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gusuzuma okiside
Ikizamini, hamwe nibisohoka mu mwaka wa 2011 kandi biracyakomeza kuvugururwa, birimo imashini zikoresha imashini 1.510 hamwe n’ibikoresho bitanu bya 5000F byangiza ibidukikije hamwe n’umuvuduko wa psig 600.
Inzira ya mashini isobanura gufungura byuzuye gufunga byuzuye.Kuri ubu, imyuka ya gaze yipimisha irasuzumwa mugihe gito.
Kimwe mubyavuguruwe vuba kuri API 622 Kwipimisha nikibazo cya API 602 na 603.Iyi mibande ifite ipaki ifunganye kandi yari yarananiranye mubizamini bya API 622.Byemewe kumeneka ni ibice 500 kuri miriyoni (ppmv).
API 624
Ibi ubundi byitwa API 624 Ubwoko bwo Kwipimisha Kuzamuka Stem Valve Yashyizwe hamwe na Graphite Yoroheje yo gupakira ibyuka bihumanya.Ibipimo ngenderwaho nibyo bisabwa kugirango igeragezwa ryimyuka ihumure byombi bizamuka kandi bizunguruka.Izi valve zigomba gushiramo gupakira zimaze kurenga API Standard 622.
Ikibumbano cyikigeragezo kigomba kugwa murwego rwemewe rwa 100 ppmv.Kubwibyo, API 624 ifite 310 yumukanishi hamwe ninzitizi eshatu 5000F.Witondere, valve hejuru ya NPS 24 cyangwa irenga ibyiciro 1500 ntabwo biri mubipimo bya API 624.
Ikizamini kirananirana niba kashe ya stem irenze 100 ppmv.Ikibaho cyemewe nticyemewe kumenyera mugihe cyo kwipimisha.
API 641
Ibi ubundi byitwa API 624 Igihembwe Guhindura Valve Ikizamini.Nibisanzwe bishya byateguwe na API bikubiyemo indangagaciro zumuryango wa kimwe cya kane.Kimwe mu bipimo byemeranijweho kuri iki gipimo ni 100 ppmv ntarengwa yo kwemererwa gusohoka.Ikindi gihoraho ni API 641 ni 610 yigihembwe cyo kuzunguruka.
Kuri kimwe cya kane gihinduranya na grafite ipakira, igomba kubanza gutsinda ibizamini bya API 622.Ariko, niba gupakira bishyizwe mubipimo bya API 622, ibi birashobora kureka ikizamini cya API 622.Urugero ni ugupakira ibintu bikozwe muri PTFE.
Indangagaciro zapimwe kuri parameter ntarengwa: 600 psig.Kubera itandukaniro ryubushyuhe, hariho ibice bibiri byamanota yakoreshejwe kubushyuhe bwa valve:
● Indangagaciro ziri hejuru ya 5000F
● Indangagaciro ziri munsi ya 5000F
API 622 vs API 624
Hashobora kubaho urujijo hagati ya API 622 na API 624. Muri iki gice, witondere itandukaniro riri hagati yibi byombi.
● Umubare wizunguruka zirimo
● API 622 GUSA harimo gupakira;mugihe, API 624 irimo valve HARIMO gupakira
● Urutonde rwibishobora kwemerwa (500 ppmv kuri API 622 na 100 ppmv kuri 624)
● Umubare wemerewe guhinduka (imwe kuri API 622 kandi ntanumwe kuri API 624)
Nigute wagabanya imyuka iva mu nganda
Ibyuka bihumanya birashobora kuburizwamo kugirango bigabanye ingaruka ziterwa na valve kubidukikije.
# 1 Hindura Indangagaciro zishaje
Indangagaciro zihora zihinduka.Menya neza ko valve ikurikiza ibipimo bigezweho.Mugihe cyo kubungabunga no kugenzura buri gihe, biroroshye kumenya igikwiye gusimburwa.
# 2 Gushiraho Valve ikwiye no gukurikirana buri gihe
Kwishyiriraho nabi kwa valve birashobora gutera no kumeneka.Koresha abatekinisiye bafite ubuhanga buhanitse bushobora gushiraho neza valve.Gushyira valve neza birashobora kandi kumenya sisitemu yo gutemba.Binyuze mugukurikirana buri gihe, indangagaciro zishobora kumeneka cyangwa zishobora kuba zarafunguwe kubwimpanuka zirashobora kumenyekana byoroshye.
Hagomba kubaho ibizamini bisanzwe bipima urugero rwumwuka urekurwa na valve.Inganda zikoresha indangagaciro zateje imbere ibizamini byo kumenya ibyuka bihumanya:
● Uburyo bwa 21
Ibi bifashisha flame ionisiyoneri kugirango igenzure
Imag Amashusho meza ya gaz (OGI)
Ibi bifashisha kamera ya infragre kugirango umenye ibimera
Id Itandukaniro rya Absorption Lidar (DIAL)
Ibi birashobora kumenya ibyuka bihumanya kure.
# 3 Uburyo bwo Kwirinda
Igenzura ryokwirinda rishobora kumenya ibibazo hamwe na valve mugihe cyambere.Ibi birashobora kugabanya ibiciro byo gutunganya valve idakwiye.
Kuki hakenewe kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya?
Ibyuka bihumanya ni uruhare runini mubushyuhe bwisi.Nukuri, hariho urugendo rukomeye rwizera kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya.Ariko nyuma yo kumenyekana hafi ikinyejana kuva yamenyekanye, urwego rwo guhumanya ikirere ruracyari hejuru.
Nkuko ingufu zikenewe kwisi yose zigenda ziyongera, gukenera gushaka ubundi buryo bwamakara na lisansi y’ibinyabuzima nabyo byiyongereye.
Inkomoko: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-kandi-icyatsi-icyatsi
Methane na Ethane biri mumurongo nkibishoboka cyane muburyo bwa peteroli hamwe namakara.Nukuri ko hari byinshi bishoboka nkibikoresho byingufu kuri ibi byombi.Nyamara, metani, byumwihariko, ifite ubushyuhe bwikubye inshuro 30 kurenza CO2.
Ninimpamvu yo gutabaza kubidukikije ndetse ninganda zikoresha uyu mutungo.Kurundi ruhande, gukumira ibyuka bihumanya birashoboka hakoreshejwe ikoreshwa ryinganda nziza kandi zemewe na API.
Inkomoko: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ibisobanuro-yasobanuwe/pdfscache/1180.pdf
Muri make
Ntagushidikanya ko indangagaciro zingirakamaro mubikorwa byose byinganda.Nyamara, indangagaciro ntabwo zakozwe nkigice kimwe gikomeye;ahubwo, igizwe nibigize.Ibipimo by'ibi bice ntibishobora guhura 100%, biganisha kumeneka.Uku kumeneka kurashobora kwangiza ibidukikije.Kwirinda kumeneka nkinshingano zingenzi kubakoresha valve.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-25-2022